The source of glycine in glycinergic neurones

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417482

Nudixhydrolase superfamily “House-keeping genes”

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00018-005-5386-7

Nudix hydrolases are found in all classes of organism and hydrolyse a wide range of organic pyrophosphates, including nucleoside di- and triphosphates, dinucleoside and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates, nucleotide sugars and RNA caps, with varying degrees of substrate specificity. Some superfamily members, such as Escherichia coli MutT, have the ability to degrade potentially mutagenic, oxidised nucleotides while others control the levels of metabolic intermediates and signalling compounds. In prokaryotes and simple eukaryo tes, the number of Nudix genes varies from 0 to over 30, reflecting the metabolic complexity and adaptability of the organism. Mammals have around 24 Nudix genes, several of which encode more than one variant. This review integrates the sizeable recent literature on these proteins with information from global functional genomic studies to provide some insights into the possible roles of different superfamily members in cellular metabolism and homeostasis and to stimulate discussion and further research into this ubiquitous protein family.

Ukraina, Crim and Russia

https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005913480.html

Syrian war does not take end ?

17:09

Report:10,000 Iranian trained Syrian soldiers posted on Israeli border

Tuesday, November 27, 2018

i24news reported that the Syrian Regime has deployed a new division of 10,000 troops on the Israeli-Syrian border. The troops were trained and are led by officers of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard special forces, the Al-Quds Forces.

O-GlcNAcylation, OGT and ubiquitination

17. Ruan H-B, Nie Y, Yang X. Regulation of protein degradation by O-GlcNAcylation: crosstalk with ubiquitination. Mol Cell Proteomics (2013) 12:3489–97. doi: 10.1074/mcp.R113.029751

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

O-GlcNAcylation and the muscle

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00578/full

Just over thirty years ago, the O-linked N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminylation, termed O-GlcNAcylation, was discovered inside the mouse lymphocyte cells by Torres and Hart (1). From this discovery, about 1,400 studies were focused on this field among hundreds of other known post-translational modifications. Nowadays, scientific community shows a growing interest since half of these previous studies was published in the last 5 years, and provides more and more relevant data to better characterize the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on cellular processes. It is ubiquitous from virus to plantae and metazoan, and to date around 4000 O-GlcNAc-modified proteins have been identified (2). O-GlcNAcylation seems to be an important molecular process in biology, especially since ubiquitous OGT and OGA knockout mice experiments revealed that O-GlcNAcylation balance is crucial for embryonic stem cell viability and embryonic development (3, 4); recent data also supported the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in adult life since inducible global knockout of OGT dramatically increased mice mortality (5).

On-going armed conflicts on Earth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts

Refugees , Displaced of the World

https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html

 

Waters of the Earth

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthhowmuch.html

The Earth is a watery place. But just how much water exists on, in, and above our planet? About 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth’s water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you and your dog.

Deserts ot The Planet Earth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts

http://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml

What is a Desert?

A desert is a landscape or region that receives very little precipitation – less than 250 mm per year (about ten inches). Approximately 1/3 of Earth’s land surface is a desert. There are four different types of deserts based upon their geographic situation: 1) polar deserts, 2) subtropical deserts, 3) cold winter deserts, and 4) cool coastal deserts. As shown on the map above, deserts occur on all of Earth’s continents.

Major Deserts of the World
Name	Type of Desert	Surface Area	Location
Antarctic	Polar	5.5 million mi²	Antarctica
Arctic	Polar	5.4 million mi²	Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia
Sahara	Subtropical	3.5 million mi²	Northern Africa
Arabian	Subtropical	1 million mi²	Arabian Peninsula
Gobi	Cold Winter	500,000 mi²	China and Mongolia
Patagonian	Cold Winter	260,000 mi²	Argentina
Great Victoria	Subtropical	250,000 mi²	Australia
Kalahari	Subtropical	220,000 mi²	South Africa, Botswana, Namibia
Great Basin	Cold Winter	190,000 mi²	United States
Syrian	Subtropical	190,000 mi²	Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia
Chihuahuan	Subtropical	175,000 mi²	Mexico
Great Sandy	Subtropical	150,000 mi²	Australia
Kara-Kum	Cold Winter	135,000 mi²	Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Colorado Plateau	Cold Winter	130,000 mi²	United States
Gibson	Subtropical	120,000 mi²	Australia
Sonoran	Subtropical	120,000 mi²	United States, Mexico
Kyzyl-Kum	Cold Winter	115,000 mi²	Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan
Taklamakan	Cold Winter	105,000 mi²	China
Iranian	Cold Winter	100,000 mi²	Iran
Thar	Subtropical	75,000 mi²	India, Pakistan
Simpson	Subtropical	56,000 mi²	Australia
Mojave	Subtropical	54,000 mi²	United States
Atacama	Cool Coastal	54,000 mi²	Chile
Namib	Cool Coastal	13,000 mi²	Angola, Namibia, South Africa